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Nutrition Information |
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Dietary Sources of Glutathione
DIETARY SOURCES OF GLUTATHIONE: Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant and detoxifying agent whose protective role has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. GSH is synthesized rapidly in the liver, kidneys, and other tissues of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract. This process is effected by aging and disease, as both of these conditions result in reduced tissue and blood levels of glutathione. Dietary forms of glutathione are efficiently absorbed into the blood, however the same is not true for glutathione supplements in humans. When healthy subjects were given a single dose of up to 3,000 mg of glutathione researchers found there was no increase in blood glutathione levels. (Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43(6):667-9.) The authors of this study concluded "it is not feasible to increase circulating glutathione to a clinically beneficial extent by the oral administrating of a single dose of 3 g of glutathione." Johnson and coworkers (Johnston CJ, Meyer CG, Srilakshmi JC. Vitamin C elevates red blood cell glutathione in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 58:103-5, 1993) found that blood glutathione levels rose nearly 50% in healthy individuals taking 500 mg of vitamin C daily. Vitamin C facilitates an increase in blood glutathione levels by supplying the body with a nutrient that is critical to the manufacture of it. In addition, to vitamin C, dietary sources of glutathione and several other nutritional compounds can help increase glutathione levels including N-acetylcysteine (NAC), alpha-lipoic acid, glutamine, methionine, and undenatured whey protein (Bounous, G., and Gold, P., The biological activity of undenatured dietary whey proteins [Immunocal]: role of glutathione, Clin. Invest. Med. (1991) 14(4):296-309.). N-acetylcysteine has been used in combination with glutamic acid (or glutamine) and glycine (Clark, J. at www.cfsn.com) and in addition, NAC has been studied in combination with dietary proteins (Quig, D., Cysteine metabolism and metal toxicity, Alternative Medicine Review (1998) 3(4):262-270.). HERBS: The herb milk-thistle, an excellent source of the antioxidant compound silymarin may help to prevent glutathione depletion in the liver. Silymarin is many times more potent in antioxidant activity than the better known antioxidant vitamins E and vitamin C. The protective effect of silymarin against liver damage has been demonstrated in a number of scientific studies. Silymarin has been shown to protect against liver damage by extremely toxic chemicals (this toxicity is mediated by their ability to produce dangerous and destructive unstable compounds called free radicals) including amanita toxin, carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine, and praseodymium nitrate. Silymarin enhances detoxification in the liver by preventing the depletion of glutathione. Glutathione in the liver is essential to the liver's ability to detoxify. The higher the liver glutathione content, the greater the liver's capacity to detoxify harmful chemicals. Chemicals which can damage the liver, (including alcohol and acetominophen), cause the concentration of glutathione in the liver is substantially reduced, making the hepatocytes (liver cells) susceptible to damage. Silymarin not only prevents the depletion of glutathione induced by alcohol and other toxins (Chrungoo VJ et al. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Jun;35(6):611-7.), but can increase the level of glutathione in the cells of the liver (hepatocytes) (Valenzuela A et al. Planta Med. 1989 Oct;55(5):420-2.), and possibly by up to 35%. Curcumin may also be useful as an agent to increase tissue glutathione levels (Dickinson, D.A., Iles, K.E., Zhang, H., Blank, V., and Forman, H.J., Curcumin alters EpRE and AP-1 binding complexes and elevates glutamate-cysteine ligase gene expression, FASEB J. (2003) 17(3):473-475.) Alpha Lipoic Acid has also demonstrated it's ability to increase glutathione levels and act as a potent antioxidant in numerous scientific studies. VITAMINS & MINERALS: vitamin B6, riboflavin, and selenium are required in the manufacture of glutathione, and adequate dietary consumption of foods rich in (or supplementation with) these vitamins and minerals can help the body to optimize glutathione production. MILK PRODUCTS & MEAT:Dietary glutathione occurs in highest amounts in fresh (uncooked) meats, in moderate amounts in certain raw fruits and vegetables, and is absent or found only in small amounts in grains and pasteurized dairy products (JONES DP, COATES RJ, FLAGG EW, et al. (1992) Glutathione in Foods listed in the National Cancer Institute's Health Habits and History Food Frequency Questionnaire. Nutr Cancer 17: 57-75 ). Foods richest in sulfur-containing amino acids are usually the best source of glutathione. Although undenatured whey protein is one of the best precursors (building blocks) for glutathione, it contains only moderate levels of naturally occuring glutathione. Freshly prepared (rare or raw) meats, raw (unpasturized) milk, and raw eggs are also an especially rich source of glutathione. Cooking reduces glutathione content, and storage also impacts the glutathione content of foods. In human breast milk put aside for later use by breast-fed babies, a 73-79% loss of glutathione occurred when the milk was either kept at room temperature or refrigerated for two hours. (Ankrah NA, Appiah-Opong R, Dzokoto C. Human breastmilk storage and the glutathione content. J Trop Pediatr. 2000;46(2):111-3.) FRUITS & VEGETABLES: Fresh fruits and vegetables provide excellent levels of glutathione, but cooked foods contained far less or none at all, and highly processed foods contain less than minimally processed cooked foods. Glutathione assays of fruits and vegetables may yield contrasting results because glutathione levels vary both diurnally (KOIKE S, PATTERSON BD (1988) Diurnal variation of glutathione levels in tomato seedlings. Hort Sci 23: 713-714; SCHUPP R, RENNENBERG H (1988) Diurnal changes in the glutathione content of spruce needles (Picea abies L.) Plant Sci 57: 113-117 ) with the stage of development of the plant (EARNSHAW BA, JOHNSON MA (1987) Control of wild carrot somatic embryo development by antioxidants. Plant Physiol 85: 273-276;), and due to various environmental factors (DE KOK LJ, DE KAN PJL, TANCZOS OG, KUIPER PJC (1981) Sulphate-induced accumulation of glutathione and frost-tolerance of spinach leaf tissue. Physiol Plant 53: 435-438; WISE RR, NAYLOR AW (1987) Chilling-enhanced photooxidation. The peroxidative destruction of lipids during chilling injury to photosynthesis and ultrastructure. Plant Physiol 83: 272-277). Asparagus contains more glutathione than all other fruits and vegetables analyzed to date. (Jones, D.P. and others: Glutathione in foods listed in the National Cancer Institute's health habits and history food frequency questionnaire, Nutrition and Cancer 17 (1), p. 57, 1992.) In a study which compared the overall antioxidant activity of potatoes, bell peppers, carrots, onions and broccoli, potatoes ranked second highest after broccoli. Per serving, asparagus, avocadoes, asparagus, squash, okra, cauliflower, broccoli, potatoes, spinach, walnuts, garlic, and raw tomatoes have the highest glutathione content compared to other vegetables and are particularly rich dietary sources of glutathione (please see the Table 1. below). Table 1. Comparison of Glutathione in Fresh vs. Cooked Foods Food Glutathione Content (1). JONES DP, COATES RJ, FLAGG EW, et al. (1992) Glutathione in Foods listed in the National Cancer Institute's Health Habits and History Food Frequency Questionnaire. Nutr Cancer 17: 57-75 (2). BLOCK G, DRESSER CM, HARTMAN AM, CARROLL MD (1985) Nutrient sources in the American diet: Quantitative data from the NHANES II Survey. I. Vitamins and Minerals. Am J Epidemiol 122: 13-26 (3). BLOCK G, DRESSER CM, HARTMAN AM, CARROLL MD (1985) Nutrient sources in the American diet: Quantitative data from the NHANES II Survey. Macronutrients and Fats. Am J Epidemiol 122: 27-40 (4) SIMOPOULOS AP, NORMAN HA, GILLASPY JE (1995) Purslane in human nutrition and its potential for world agriculture. World Rev Nutr Diet 77: 47-74 Posted at: http://www.nutritionadvisor.com/glutathione_foods.php; http://www.nutritionadvisor.com/biography.php Dr. Petrosino received his Baccalaureate degree from Penn State University in 1975, pursued his Masters degree with honors at Penn State in 1978, and graduated Summa Cum Laude with a Doctorate in Nutrition from Lasalle University (Mandeville) in 1995. His doctoral dissertation examined the effects of race and poverty on cardiovascular health. He was an Adjunct Professor of Nutrition at LaSalle University (1995-1999); a member of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Committee on Cardiovascular Disease; a Professional Member and Charter Member of the American Heart Association Scientific Council on Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease; a Professional Member and Charter Member of the American Heart Association Scientific Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism; a Professional Member of the American Heart Association Interdisciplinary Working Group on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; an Allied Health Care Practitioner member of the American Preventive.....
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MORE RESOURCES: Thousands of Colorado vacation units were taken off the rental market in June, but visitors are still booking trips SummitDaily.com Changes coming to Sarasota's vacation rental ordinance Your Observer Pahrump’s new ‘Air BnB’ regulations effective next month Pahrump Valley Times More complaints, lawsuits against Florida vacation rental company Gulf Coast News and Weather - Southwest Florida News ‘We don’t have a neighborhood’: Residents feel outnumbered on this Hilton Head street Hilton Head Island Packet Maui County officials defend vacation rental conversion bill Honolulu Star-Advertiser This Battle Over Maui Rentals Just Hit A Boiling Point Beat of Hawaii Maui panel passes bill curbing vacation rentals to boost housing supply after Lahaina wildfire CBS News Maui Plan To Phase Out Thousands Of Short-Term Rentals Advances Honolulu Civil Beat Maui measure to phase out half of the island's vacation rentals moves forward Hawaii Public Radio Maui panel passes bill to curb vacation rentals, boost housing after wildfire The Norfolk Daily News Shock Vote: Maui Committee Passes Rental Ban Proposal Beat of Hawaii Maui County Council passes bill to phase out vacation rentals Hawaii News Now Maui vacation rental conversion bill passes initial vote Honolulu Star-Advertiser Maui Cracks Down on Vacation Rentals: New Shift Could Solve Housing Crisis and Shake Up Tourism! Travel And Tour World Maui County To Phase Out Thousands Of Short-Term Vacation Rentals For Addressing Housing Crisis On Island Travel And Tour World Top Vacation Rentals Near Golf Courses Gulf Shores & Orange Beach Tourism Maui panel passes bill to curb vacation rentals and boost housing supply after Lahaina wildfire Oskaloosa Herald Main St. request on hold, but ‘Kitschy 2 BR House’ gets vacation rental OK Evanston RoundTable ‘More than doubled’: Jacksonville Beach locals blame vacation rentals for rising home costs Yahoo Home Delicious, home-cooked meals can still be on the menu even in a wonky vacation rental Mainline Media News Inside The ‘Out-Of-Control’ Debate Over Axing Maui Vacation Rentals Honolulu Civil Beat Alders flip on vacation rentals Evanston Now Maui panel passes bill to curb vacation rentals and boost housing supply after Lahaina wildfire Temple Daily Telegram Honolulu Sees Doubling Of Vacation Rental Registrations Under New Rules Honolulu Civil Beat A novel idea for Maui’s housing crisis: Using vacation rental profits for residents’ down payments Maui Now Maui panel passes bill to curb vacation rentals and boost housing supply after Lahaina wildfire The Derrick Honolulu Hasn't Fined Airbnb, Vrbo for Illegal Short-Term Rentals Honolulu Civil Beat US--Hawaii-Vacation Rentals The Northern Virginia Daily Plan To Convert Maui Vacation Rentals To Long-Term Housing Delayed Honolulu Civil Beat Deep Wood Vacation Home Rentals Visit PA Study: Maui Should Phase Out Vacation Rentals With Caution Honolulu Civil Beat Key amendments proposed for vacation rental phase-out bill ahead of Council committee hearing Maui Now Maui Council hears another 70 testifiers on vacation rental phase-out bill; still more to come Maui Now Home Team Luxury Rentals Surpasses $50 Million in Airbnb Bookings in Just 12 Months - Without a Single Outside Investor Newswire :) Press Release Distribution Vacation Rental Study in Goleta Tells More About the Neighbors The Santa Barbara Independent Cape Coral host fined $30,000 as neighbors report issues with three other rentals on their street Fox4Now.com Emotions Are High As Maui Considers Phasing Out Short-Term Rentals Honolulu Civil Beat Maui Council To Take Up Bill Phasing Out Vacation Rentals This Summer Honolulu Civil Beat Vacation Rentals of the Desert Accused of Owing Property Owners, Renters Over $1 Million NBC Palm Springs Maui vacation rental bill continues to draw passionate testimony from both sides Hawaii Public Radio Vacation Rentals of the Desert Accused of Owing Millions; Riverside DA Launches Investigation After Public Outcry NBC Palm Springs City has no mercy for illegal vacation rental operators Hawaii News Now WA cabin destinations named among seven best tiny rentals in the country Bellingham Herald Maui panel passes bill to curb vacation rentals and boost housing supply after Lahaina wildfire Bluefield Daily Telegraph Couple who owns Manasota Key vacation rentals welcomes first renters since Hurricanes Helene, Milton FOX 13 Tampa Bay Supreme Court: cities cannot limit vacation rentals based on owner occupancy Idaho Public Television Combatting human trafficking: New training, reporting requirements for hotels, vacation rentals WRAL.com Owners claim Maui residents can’t afford converted vacation rentals, UH study says otherwise Yahoo Home Maui Gets $1.6B—Can Vacation Rentals Survive What’s Coming? Beat of Hawaii Maui's Vacation Rental Debate Turns Ugly Planetizen Community invited to briefing about proposed registration process for short-term vacation rentals Big Island Now Uncertain Economy Contributes to Slow Summer Rental Bookings The Vineyard Gazette Santa Cruz County moves to rein in vacation rentals Lookout Santa Cruz Board recommends new education programs, property management rules for vacation rentals The Palm Springs Post Committee votes 5-0 against couple’s vacation rental request advancing Evanston RoundTable With housing and economy at stake, Maui County weighs phase-out of 7,000 vacation rentals Hawaii Public Radio Hawaiʻi County Council seeks more oversight with passage of vacation rental bill Hawaii Public Radio |
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