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Weight Loss Information from experts |
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Weight Loss Surgery: What are the options?
To understand how surgical procedures aid the grossly overweight person to reduce their body fat, it helps to first understand the digestive process that is responsible for handling the food we take in. Once food is chewed and swallowed, it's on its way through the digestive tract, where enzymes and digestive juices will break it down and allow our systems to absorb the nutrients and calories. In the stomach, which can hold up to three pints of material, the breakdown continues with the help of strong acids. From there it moves into the duodenum, and the digestive process speeds up through the addition of bile and pancreatic juices. It's here, that our body absorbs the majority of iron and calcium in the foods we eat. The final part of the digestive process takes place in the 20 feet of small intestine, the jejunum and the ileum, where calorie and nutrient absorption is completed, and any unused particles of food are then shunted into the large intestine for elimination. Weight loss procedures involve bypassing, or in some way circumventing the full digestive process. They range from simple reduction of the amount you can eat, to major bypasses in the digestive tract. To qualify for many of these surgeries, a person must be termed "morbidly obese", that is, weighing at least 100 lbs. over the appropriate weight for their height and general body structure. Gastric Bypass In the mid 1960s, Dr. Edward E. Mason discovered that women who had undergone partial stomach removal as the result of peptic ulcers, failed to gain weight afterwards. From this observation, grew the trial use of stapling across the top of the stomach, to reduce its actual capacity to about three tablespoons. The stomach filled quickly, and eventually emptied into the lower portion, completing the digestive process in the normal way. Over the years, the surgery evolved into what is now known as the Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass. Instead of partitioning the stomach, it is divided and separated from the rest, with staples. The small intestine is then cut at approximately 18" below the stomach, and attached to the "new", small stomach. Smaller meals are then eaten, and the digested food moves directly into the lower part of the bowel. As weight loss surgeries are viewed overall, this is considered one of the safest, offering long-term management of obesity. Gastric Banding A procedure that produces basically the same results as the stomach stapling/bypass, and is also classed as a "restrictive" surgery. The first operations, involved a non-flexing band placed around the upper part of the stomach, below the esophagus, creating an hourglass shaped stomach, the upper portion being reduced to the same 3-6 ounce capacity. As technologies advanced, the band became more flexible, incorporating an inflatable balloon, which when triggered by a reservoir placed in the abdomen, was capable of inflating to cut down the size of the stoma, or deflating to enlarge it. Laparoscopic surgery means smaller scars, and less invasion of the digestive tract. Biliopancreatic Diversion A combination of the gastric bypass, and Roux-en-y re-structuring, that bypasses a significant section of the small intestine, thereby creating the probability of malabsorption. The stomach is reduced in size, and an extended Roux-en-y anastomosis is attached to the smaller stomach, and lower down on the small intestine than is normal. This permits the patient to eat larger amounts, but still achieve weight loss through malabsorption. Professor Nicola Scopinaro, University of Genoa, Italy, developed the technique, and last year published the first long-term results. They showed an average 72% loss of excess body weight, maintained over 18 years, the best long-term results of any bariatric surgical procedure, to date. BPD patients require lifelong follow-ups to monitor calcium and vitamin intake. The advantages of being able to eat more and still lose weight, are countered by loose or foul smelling stools, flatus, stomal ulcers, and possible protein malnutrition. Jejuno-Ileal Bypass One of the first weight loss procedures for the grossly obese, was developed in the 1960s, a strictly malabsorptive method of reducing weight, and preventing gain. The jejuno-ileal bypass reduced the lower digestive tract to a mere 18" of small intestine, from the natural 20 feet, a critical difference when it came to absorption of calories and nutrients. In the end-to-end method, the upper intestine was severed below the stomach, and re-attached to the small intestine much lower down, which had also been severed, thereby "cutting out", the majority of the intestine. Malabsorption of carbohydrate, protein, lipids, minerals and vitamins, led to a variation, the end-to-side bypass, which took the end of the upper portion, and attached it to the side of the lower portion, without severing at that point. Reflux of bowel contents into the non-functioning upper portion of small bowel, resulted in more absorption of essential nutrients, but also less weight loss, and increased weight gain, post-surgery. As a result of the bypass, fatty acids are dumped in the colon, producing an irritation that causes water and electrolytes to flood the bowel, ending in chronic diarrhea. The bile salt pool necessary to keeping cholesterol in solution is reduced by malabsorption and loss through stool. As a consequence, cholesterol concentration in the gall bladder rises, increasing the risk of stones. Multiple vitamin losses are a major concern, and may result in bone thinning, pain and fractures. Approximately one third of patients experience an adjustment in the size and thickness of the remaining active small intestine, which increases the absorption of nutrients, and balances out the weight loss. However, over the long term, all patients undergoing this bypass are susceptible to hepatic cirrhosis. In the early 1980s, one study showed that approximately 20% of those who had undergone JIB, required conversion to another bypass alternative. The procedure has since been largely abandoned, as having too many risk factors. While surgical methods of reducing weight are valuable to the morbidly obese, they are not without risks. Patients may require more bed rest post-surgery, resulting in an increased chance of blood clots. Pain may also cause reduced depth of breathing, and complications such as pneumonia. Before undergoing any fat/weight reduction surgery, a severely overweight person needs to thoroughly understand the benefits and risks, and must make a commitment to their future health. Having a smaller stomach is not going to stop the chronic sugar-snacker, from "grazing" on high calorie sweets. Nor does a steady supply of pop, concentrated sweet juices and milk shakes, reduce the calorie intake. With some bypass surgeries, certain foods can aggravate side-effects that need not be that severe, if common sense diets are adhered to. Surgery can be a "shortcut" to weight loss, but it can also reduce your enjoyment of life, if you are unable to adhere to the regimens that go with it. Fitness Consultant Anthony Ellis has helped thousands of individuals lose fat and build more muscle. To read more about his fat loss recommendations please check out his site at http://www.fatlosstips.com
MORE RESOURCES: What Nearly Brainless Rodents Know About Weight Loss and Hunger The New York Times Fitness coach says 'eating same meals every day is a weight loss hack', shares how to shed 9 kg in 90 days Hindustan Times Eli Lilly sues companies selling alternative versions of its weight loss drug : Shots - Health News NPR Woman dies after ’circus act’ weight loss surgery in Mexico FOX 9 Minneapolis-St. Paul FDA officials warn of fake weight loss drugs and ban compounded versions of popular medications UCHealth What’s next for GLP-1s? Healthcare Brew Say goodbye to cheap versions of Ozempic and Wegovy Fast Company Newsweek Names UVA Health University Medical Center Among Nation’s Best Weight-Loss Centers UVA Health Newsroom Cross-cultural differences in weight loss maintenance: a comparison between North America and Europe Nature Mitolyn Reviews: Doctor's Analysis – Can It Naturally Enhance Energy, Burn Fat, and Support Mitochondrial Health? GlobeNewswire Why GLP-1 Weight-Loss Drugs Are Hard to Make into Pills Scientific American AG Yost Warns Med Spas: Stop Misleading Consumers About Weight-Loss Drugs Ohio Attorney General (.gov) Jelly Roll Reveals His Goal Weight and the Risky Activities He Wants to Do Once He Hits It People.com Association between plausible genetic factors and weight loss from GLP1-RA and bariatric surgery Nature Lizzo Reveals How She Lost the Weight and Conquered Her Anxiety. Plus, Why She Quit Starbucks People.com Music star Jelly Roll reveals his weight-loss goal Yahoo News New Zealand Novo Nordisk Just Leapfrogged Eli Lilly With A Weight-Loss Pill Investor's Business Daily Trump Sparks Ozempic Mystery With Miraculous Weight Loss The Daily Beast Daily Pill May Work as Well as Ozempic for Weight Loss and Blood Sugar The New York Times What to Know About Eli Lilly’s Daily Pill for Weight Loss The New York Times How Kristen Lost 55 Lbs With Zepbound After Breast Cancer and Years of Yo-Yo Dieting womansworld.com Column | What the science says about intermittent fasting The Washington Post Your 6-Week Ozempic Guide: Lose Weight Faster With Fewer Side Effects firstforwomen.com Trump’s dramatic weight loss at 78: Did he take Ozempic? This is what White House is saying Times of India CA drug spending doubled due to weight loss drugs, illegal immigrants The Center Square Inside Lizzo’s Weight Loss Journey: Everything the Singer Has Said About Prioritizing Her Health People.com 7-Day High-Protein Mediterranean Diet Meal Plan to Help Lose Visceral Fat, Created by a Dietitian EatingWell Mounjaro can help maintain long-term weight loss Medical News Today “We’re overfed but undernourished”: Dr Jack Mosley on carrying on his father Michael’s weight-loss legacy Good Housekeeping Reimbursing weight loss drugs for all who could benefit would push State’s annual medicines bill to €10bn, doctors told The Irish Times Lilly's oral GLP-1, orforglipron, demonstrated statistically significant efficacy results and a safety profile consistent with injectable GLP-1 medicines in successful Phase 3 trial Eli Lilly and Company Eating More Protein And Fiber Is Key For Weight Loss, Study Finds. Here's How Much To Consume. Women's Health Forget diets or gym. Ram Kapoor lost 55 kilos weight with mindset shift that changed his life forever The Economic Times Why Blue Cross Blue Shield is rolling back coverage of GLP-1 weight loss drugs in Massachusetts WBUR Healthy Tips for 'Weight Wellness' with Cypress Wellness Pharmacy Gulf Coast News and Weather - Southwest Florida News Do semaglutides lead to healthy weight loss? Post and Courier How a New Weight-Loss Pill Could Transform Health Time Magazine Jelly Roll Has Big Plans When He Reaches His Goal Weight EntertainmentNow |
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